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  • Lack of early exposure to the sights, sounds or perhaps smells of a particular location, or one or more traumatic experiences associated with that location can lead to the development of avoidance behaviours.

  • There are many reasons why dogs develop a fearful reaction to people and other animals. However, some dogs are born with a genetic predisposition to be more fearful or anxious than others.

  • Don't just ignore the problem because it only happens a few times each year. You should instigate a desensitisation and counter conditioning programme.

  • There are numerous reasons why a dog might soil the house with urine and/or faeces. Determining the specific reason is essential for developing an effective treatment programme.

  • Punishment is defined as the application of a stimulus that decreases the chances that a behaviour will be repeated. In practical terms when dealing with dogs, we aim to associate an unpleasant consequence with an undesirable behaviour to reduce the occurrence of the behaviour.

  • Domperidone is used to increase the movements or contractions of the stomach and intestines. It may be used to relieve the symptoms of vomiting.

  • Doxorubicin is a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat cancer in animals. These drugs can cause cancer in humans and should be handled with extreme caution.

  • Cardiac drugs are used to correct irregular heartbeat, to treat high blood pressure and enlarged heart (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), and to decrease the heart rate.

  • Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) is commonly called dry eye. This is a very apt name since the condition results from lack of proper tear production so that the eye has a dry and sore appearance.

  • All reptiles grow by shedding their skins periodically. Dysecdysis describes the failure to shed skin properly.